Word: a meaningful combination of letters.
Phrase: a meaningful combination of words.
Clause: a meaningful combination of words + subject + verb.
Clause:
1- Independent (meaningful by itself)
2- Dependent (needs another independent clause to be complete.)
Dependent clauses:
1- noun clauses
2- adjective clauses
3- adverbial clauses
Verbs:
1- finite verbs
- 16 tenses
2- non-finite verbs
- infinitives
- gerunds
- past participles
Adjective: used for further definition.
Adjective cannot be used for proper nouns but adjective clauses can be used for
proper nouns.
Adjective clauses: Describe and limit nouns.
Adjectives come before nouns.
Adjective clauses come after the noun.
Adjective clauses:
1- restrictive adjective clause
2- non-restrictive (defining) adjective clauses
Only non-restrictive adjective clauses can be used for proper nouns and it is
necessary to use two comas around them.
Example:
1- I saw a man who was old in the garden.
(Here "who was old" is a restrictive adjective clause.)
2- I saw John, who was old, in the garden.
(Here "who was old" is a non-restrictive adjective clause.)